Strateji / 1.2 / 51.00M

Strateji / 7.9 / by Florentina Küster / 32.00M

Strateji / 3.0.6 / 127.10M

Strateji / v60256021 / by Supercell / 75.13M

Strateji / 1.0.6 / by Trustco / 56.24M

Strateji / 1.2592.6 / by Supercell / 69.66M

Strateji / 1.0.41 / 99.00M

Strateji / 1.12.7 / by ninja kiwi / 67.00M

Strateji / v1.4 / by Bitszer / 94.00M

Strateji / 1.3.100 / 1.23M

Strateji / 2.0.12 / by WISJOY ENTERTAINMENT HK / 79.00M

Strateji / v1.4.6 / by Touch Foo / 55.79M

Strateji / v1.06 / by Valsar / 53.12M

Strateji / v44 / 105.00M

Strateji / 6.6 / 81.01M